# Guard interval and ISI-free OFDM transmission

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OFDM symbols are generated by an IFFT with size $N MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eaaaa@37ED@$. A guard interval (GI) is appended at the start of each symbol. This cyclic prefix comprises the last $N G MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaaaaa@38E5@$ samples of each symbol.

This experiment illustrates the ISI-free transmission of OFDM systems under this condition:

The guard time exceeds the channel's maximum delay spread:   $T G ≥ τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGHLjYScqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3F80@$ .

Guard time and channel's maximum delay spread.

## Start

In this example the guard time is $T G = 0.8 μ s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIda cqaH8oqBcaWGZbaaaa@3ED7@$ . Further settings from IEEE 802.11ac are used.

 Number of subcarriers, FFT size $N=64 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eacqGH9aqpcaaI2aGaaGinaaaa@3A71@$ Discrete length of the guard interval $N G =16 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIXaGaaGOnaaaa@3B70@$ Data subcarriers $N C = 52 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eadaWgaaWcbaGaam4qaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaI1aGaaGOmaaaa@3B6C@$ Pilot subcarriers $N P =4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaad6 eadaWgaaWcbaGaamiuaaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaI0aaaaa@3ABC@$ Extended OFDM symbol period $T ′ S =4μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqads fagaqbamaaBaaaleaacaWGtbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaisdacqaH8oqB caWGZbaaaa@3D7F@$ Guard interval duration $T G = N G T ′ s N+ N G =0.8μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaad6eadaWg aaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGcceWGubGbauaadaWgaaWcbaGaam4Caaqaba aakeaacaWGobGaey4kaSIaamOtamaaBaaaleaacaWGhbaabeaaaaGc cqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacqaH8oqBcaWGZbaaaa@475F@$

The simulation uses a two-path channel and starts with a maximum excess delay $τ max =0.8μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGim aiaac6cacaaI4aGaeqiVd0Maam4Caaaa@41CB@$ . This results in an ISI-free detection.

ISI free detection for $τ max = T G =0.8μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaamiv amaaBaaaleaacaWGhbaabeaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGioai abeY7aTjaadohaaaa@44AC@$ .

## Experiment

Now, modify the echo delay. When restarting the simulation the channel estimation and equalizer initialization is performed.

Simulation - Setup (F12): modify “Echo delay” ( $τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaaaa@3BDF@$ ) and click on “OK”.

Approve the ISI free condition $T G ≥ τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGHLjYScqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3F80@$ for different echo delays.

ISI for $τ max > T G MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyOpa4Jaamiv amaaBaaaleaacaWGhbaabeaaaaa@3EC2@$ : $τ max = 0.85 μ s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGim aiaac6cacaaI4aGaaGynaiabeY7aTjaadohaaaa@428A@$ and $τ max =1μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGym aiabeY7aTjaadohaaaa@4058@$

Note that the transmission sampling time is $0.05μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaaic dacaGGUaGaaGimaiaaiwdacqaH8oqBcaWGZbaaaa@3CAD@$ and thus the echo delay can be adjusted in this granularity, e.g. $τ max =0.75,0.80,0.85,0.90μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGim aiaac6cacaaI3aGaaGynaiaacYcacaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacaaIWa GaaiilaiaaicdacaGGUaGaaGioaiaaiwdacaGGSaGaaGimaiaac6ca caaI5aGaaGimaiabeY7aTjaadohaaaa@4D57@$.

The initial setup uses 52 data QPSK symbols (2 bit) per OFDM symbol (4us). This yields to a source symbol duration of $T D =0.0769μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaamiraaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaI3aGaaGOnaiaaiMda cqaH8oqBcaWGZbaaaa@3EEA@$ and a bit rate of 26 Mbit.

## Next steps

Now select a different OFDM configuration in Simulation - Setup (F12).

Is this transmission ISI-free?

Check the ISI-free condition $T G ≥ τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGHLjYScqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3F80@$ !

This simulation app implements an OFDM transmission using a guard interval.

It starts with an ISI-free detection as the condition is valid: $T G ≥ τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGHLjYScqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3F80@$ :
• Guard time $T G =0.8μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGH9aqpcaaIWaGaaiOlaiaaiIda cqaH8oqBcaWGZbaaaa@3ED6@$ .
• Channel echo delay $τ max =0.8μs MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaOGaeyypa0JaaGim aiaac6cacaaI4aGaeqiVd0Maam4Caaaa@41CA@$ .
Constellation diagram: ISI-free if $T G ≥ τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGHLjYScqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3F80@$ and ISI if $T G < τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiaads fadaWgaaWcbaGaam4raaqabaGccqGH8aapcqaHepaDdaWgaaWcbaGa ciyBaiaacggacaGG4baabeaaaaa@3EBE@$
Mouse Action

Simulation - Setup (F12)

Modify the initial echo delay $τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaaaa@3BDE@$ of the channel and press OK to restart the simulation.

Simulation - Setup (F12)

Select a different OFDM configuration and change the echo delay $τ max MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBamXvP5wqonvsaeHbd9wDYLwzYbqe e0evGueE0jxyaibaieYlf9irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj=hEeeu0xXdbba9fr Fj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYx e9vr0=vr0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiabes 8a0naaBaaaleaaciGGTbGaaiyyaiaacIhaaeqaaaaa@3BDE@$ .